Handbook on Child Support Enforcement
IV. ESTABLISHING THE SUPPORT ORDER: OBLIGATION
If child support enforcement becomes an issue, it is necessary to have a
legal order for child support spelling out the amount of the obligation
and how it is to be paid. Data from the United States Census Bureau show
that, of the over 11 million families with a parent living elsewhere, only
56 percent have legally binding support orders.
Establishing a support order depends on how much success you and your
caseworker or lawyer have in several critical areas, such as locating the
noncustodial parent if necessary, identifying what he or she can pay, and
determining the financial needs of the child.
States are required to have child support guidelines available
to all people who set child support amounts. Most State guidelines
consider the needs of the child, other dependents, and the ability of the
parents to pay. States must use the guidelines unless they can be shown to
be inappropriate in a particular case.
States today have arrangements for establishing the support order by an
administrative procedure or other expedited legal procedure. The
hearing may be conducted by a master or a referee of the court, or by an
administrative hearings officer. An agreement made between the parents,
based on the appropriate child support guidelines, and approved by this
kind of agency generally has the same effect as one established in court.
It is legally binding on the parties concerned.
The agreement that the parents make should provide for the child's
present and future well-being. It may be useful to discuss these issues
together if you can, or with a mediator or family counselor. You may call
your Child Support Enforcement (CSE) office to find out about your State's
guidelines.
How does the caseworker find out about the other parent's income or
assets? I don't know much that will help.
The caseworker will make every possible effort to identify the parent's
employment, property owned, and any other sources of income or assets.
This information must be verified before the support order is final. Under
certain situations, the IRS may provide financial information about the
parent's earned and unearned income such as interest payments and
unemployment compensation. The State CSE agency now has access to
financial institution data, such as bank accounts, and credit bureau data,
which may provide information about employers and/or assets.
I'm sure the other parent is willing to pay support. Can we make an
agreement between ourselves and present it to the court?
If parents can cooperate and agree, all the better. You can get help
from a lawyer, mediator or family counselor. The court's sole interest in
your agreement is to see that it is fair to all parties, that the welfare
of the children is protected, and that the agreement conforms with the
guidelines.
Are the earnings of both parents considered in setting support
awards?
In some State guidelines, both parents' earnings are considered in
setting the amount of the support order. Check with your CSE office. Laws
vary from State to State, but parents who can work out a fair support
agreement between themselves will have a better chance of having their
wishes recognized in court.
My wife and I are working out a joint custody agreement. How would
the court decide the amount of child support for each of us?
That depends a lot on the terms of your custody agreement and on your
State guidelines: some States have guideline formulas that take joint
custody into account. The same factors would apply: State guidelines, each
parent's ability to pay, and the needs of the child.
My husband's income is enough to support the children and me without
a drop in our standard of living after the divorce. Do the courts consider
this?
These decisions, again, are based on the State's guidelines. Of course,
parents can try to have the amount of support changed if their financial
situations change.
I just heard that my son's mother has had three promotions in the
last four years but the child support is still like it was six years ago.
Is there some way to find out when she has a raise?
CSE offices will review child support orders every three years if either
parent requests such a review. Ask your caseworker for information about
reviewing and, if appropriate, modifying your child support order. States
can adjust child support orders according to child support guidelines, a
cost of living adjustment, or automated methods determined by the State.
What can I do to get my support increased if it is too low?
If you go to your CSE office for a modification of your order, the
income and assets of the noncustodial parent, in many States your
financial situation, and any special needs of the child will need to be
determined. If appropriate, the agency can then seek a legal modification.
Is there a limit to the amount of money that can be taken from my
paycheck for child support?
The amount that can be withheld from an employee's disposable wages is
limited by the Federal Consumer Credit Protection Act (FCCPA) to 50
percent of disposable earnings if an obligated parent has a second family
and 60 percent if there is no second family. These limits are each
increased by 5 percent (to 55% and 65%) if payments are in arrears for a
period equal to 12 weeks or more. State law may further limit the amount
that can be taken from a wage earner's paycheck.
My ex-husband has remarried and has another family to support. How
will this affect the support that my children are due?
Even though the noncustodial parent has a second family, this does not
eliminate responsibility to the first family. In some States, the judge
may grant the noncustodial parent a decrease in the obligation based on
guidelines for child support. You should be notified beforehand and given
an opportunity to contest the proposed change. Other factors which could
lower the support order include steady employment of the child or poor
health or decreased earning ability of the noncustodial parent.
My children's father is divorcing again and will have another child
support order. We live in another State and I'm afraid that this second
order will be enforced before mine.
State guidelines may indicate how child support is to be shared when
there is more than one support order. If his income will not provide for
both orders, the amount of support for your children may be reduced, but
you will receive a share of the support collected. For orders enforced by
wage withholding, States must have a formula for sharing the available
income among the support orders. Ask your caseworker for more information.
I can't get health insurance with my job but my ex-wife gets good
benefits where she works. Can she be required to put the children on her
insurance?
Yes. The CSE agency must petition the court to include medical
support in any order for child support when employment related or
other group health insurance is available to the noncustodial parent at a
reasonable cost. Court orders can also be modified to include health care
coverage.
If you are not receiving cash assistance or Medicaid, the CSE agency
will help you enforce a medical support order if you want it to. If you do
not want its help, you may decline it. For people on cash assistance, or
Medicaid, the CSE agency must order the noncustodial parent to provide
health insurance, if it is available.
Federal law requires States to have laws which should make medical
support enforcement easier. For example, insurers can no longer refuse to
enroll a child in a health care plan because the parents were not married
or because the child does not live in the same household as the enrolled
parent. The law also created a tool that child support agencies will be
able to use to establish and enforce medical support when the noncustodial
parent participates in a group health plan but does not enroll the child.
This law provides that custodial parents can obtain information about
coverage directly from an insurer, submit claims directly to the insurer,
and be reimbursed directly by an insurer. For specific information about
these laws in your State, contact the CSE office.
The father of my child is in jail. Can I get support?
Past-due support may accumulate while the father is in jail. But unless
he has other assets, such as property or any income such as wages from a
work-release program, it is unlikely that support can be collected while
he is in jail. Depending on State law, your support order may be modified
so that payment is deferred until he is released and working.
After I pay my child support, I don't even have enough money for
decent food. When my child support order was set I was making about $300 a
month more than I am now. Can I get the order changed?
Either parent can request a review, and adjustment, if appropriate, of a
child support obligation every 36 months, or sooner if there has been a
substantial change in circumstances such as reduced income of the
obligated parent. Check with your CSE office to see if your child support
obligation is in line with State guidelines and ask how to request a
review.
If your case does not meet the State's standards for review, either
because the order has been reviewed within three years or the change in
income is smaller than would merit an adjustment under State standards,
you may still be able to petition the courts for a hearing. In this case,
it may be helpful to have the services of an attorney. Your local legal
aid society may be able to provide low-cost counsel to parents who cannot
afford a private attorney. Also a number of States have information about
how to handle your case pro se (a legal term for representing
yourself) to have the courts determine if your support obligation should
be changed. Contact your local CSE office or the court.
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Handbook on Child Support Enforcement: Establishing The Support Order: Obligation
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